This review summarizes the current extensive know‐how on electrospun fibers as skin drug delivery systems, while underlining the advantages in their prospective use as patches for atopic dermatitis. In addition, we present the current research on skin patch design. We describe in detail the in vitro release mechanisms, parameters affecting the drug transport, and their kinetics, including theoretical approaches. Drug release from the electrospun membranes is affected by drug and polymer properties and the technique used to combine them into the patch.

Active agents can be incorporated into fibers by blending, coaxial or side‐by‐side electrospinning, and also by physical absorption post‐processing. Their properties, however, meet the requirements for skin patches for the treatment of AD. Up to today, electrospun fibers are mostly used for wound dressing. Breathability, flexibility, good mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and efficacy are important for the patches used for skin. Topical and transdermal treatments have specific requirements for drug delivery. Most of treatment methods for atopic dermatitis (AD) are focused on increasing skin moisture and protecting from bacterial infection and external irritation. In this review, we describe some widespread skin problems, with a focus on eczema, which are affecting more and more people all over the world.

The skin is a complex layer system and the most important barrier between the environment and the organism. Additionally, electrocorticography acquisitions indicate that the proposed platform permits long-term efficient recordings of neural signals, revealing the suitability of the system as a chronic neural biointerface. In vivo chronic neuroinflammation tests on a mouse model show no adverse immune response toward the nanostructured hydrogel-based neural interface. Furthermore, in vitro biological tests performed by culturing neural progenitor cells demonstrate the biocompatibility of hydrogels along with neuronal differentiation. The nanostructured hydrogels show superior electroconductivity while mimicking the mechanical characteristics of the brain tissue. Hydrogels are surrounded by a silicon-based template as a supporting element for guaranteeing an intimate neural-hydrogel contact while making possible stable recordings from specific sites in the brain cortex. The design and production of a novel soft neural biointerface made of polyacrylamide hydrogels loaded with plasmonic silver nanocubes are reported herein. The design of neural interfaces conformable to the brain tissue is one of today's major challenges since the insufficient biocompatibility of those systems provokes a fibrotic encapsulation response, leading to an inaccurate signal recording and tissue damage precluding long-term/permanent implants. In neuroscience, the acquisition of neural signals from the brain cortex is crucial to analyze brain processes, detect neurological disorders, and offer therapeutic brain-computer interfaces. (g) Three-dimensional AFM image of the final pillow surface showing a typical porous nanostructure (25 μm × 25 μm z-scale: 5 μm). (f) SEM morphology of PLLA/RhB nanofibers after pillow preparation and UV irradiation (the external side unconnected with the hydrogel) with the fiber diameter distribution showing an average fiber diameter of approximately 300 ± 67 nm. (e) Cross section of the pillow showing the nanofiber anchorage in the hydrogel mass (the yellow arrows indicate the anchoring points). (d) Top view of the PLLA/RhB nanofibers disassembled from the pillow showing the interpenetration of nanofiber pores with the hydrogel at the hydrogel−fiber interface. (c) Scheme showing the pillow preparation process starting from the electrospinning of PLLA/RhB nanofibers to the free-radical polymerization of the plasmonic hydrogel.

(b) The surface morphology of PLLA/RhB nanofibers observed with AFM shows an extremely rough nanofibrous material (the z-scale is equal to 5 μm). (a) SEM morphology of spun PLLA/ RhB nanofibers with a fiber diameter of 210 ± 53 nm. Morphological characterization of the electrospun nanofibers and nanostructured pillow fabrication.

Pil image convert rhb